Nau'ikan shinkafa da tsarin su

Sashe na 2: Nau'ikan da Tsarin Shinkafa

Tarihin noman shinkafa ana iya bibiyarsa har zuwa shekaru 12,000–16,000 kafin haihuwar Almasihu a lardin Hunan na kasar Sin. Bayan yaduwar noman ta a kasar Sin, shinkafa ta fara yaduwa a hankali zuwa yamma, zuwa Indiya sannan zuwa Turai a zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani. A yau, sai dai a Antarktika, ana noman shinkafa a ko'ina cikin duniya, tana ciyar da rabin yawan mutanen duniya, kuma ta zama muhimmin amfanin gona na abinci a duniya.

1. Rarraba shinkafa da halayenta

Dangane da siffar hatsi da inganci, ana iya rarraba shinkafa zuwa nau'ikan uku masu zuwa.

• Shinkafa Indica

Shinkafa Indica tana da juriya ga zafi kuma tana da ƙarfi wajen hana hasken waje. Dan shinkafarta yawanci siriri ne ko mai siffar kwayar oval mai tsawo, ba shi da ƙarfi sosai, don haka ba shi da juriya ga matsin lamba. Saboda yuwuwar samar da shinkafa ta karye yayin sarrafawa, yawan amfanin shinkafarta kaɗan ne. Idan aka dafa ta ko aka turura ta, laushinta kaɗan ne amma tana faɗaɗa sosai.

• Rice Japonica

Shinkafa Japonica tana da juriya ga sanyi kuma ba ta buƙatar haske mai ƙarfi. Dan shinkafarta gabaɗaya yana da siffar kwaya, mai ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da kyakkyawar juriya ga matsin lamba. Ba kamar shinkafa Indica ba, shinkafa Japonica ba ta yawan samar da shinkafa ta karye yayin sarrafawa, don haka tana da yawan amfanin gona mafi girma. Idan aka dafa ta ko aka turura ta, tana da kauri sosai amma ƙaramin ƙaruwa.

• Shinkafa mai manne

Girbin shinkafa mai manne yawanci fari ne kamar madara, ba ta haske ko kuma tana ɗan haske. Kuma kamar shinkafa japonica, idan aka tafasa ko aka dafa da tururi, mannewar ta tana da yawa amma ƙaruwa a girma kaɗan ce.

Dangane da ingancin hatsi da lokacin girbi, ana iya rarrabe shinkafa zuwa shinkafa ta farko da shinkafa ta baya. Kamar yadda sunayensu ke nuna, shinkafa ta farko tana da gajeren lokacin girma kuma ana girbe ta da wuri, yayin da shinkafa ta baya tana da tsawon lokacin girma kuma ana girbe ta a baya. Bugu da ƙari, shinkafa ta farko da ta baya suna da bambancin inganci gaba ɗaya. Shinkafa ta farko tana da sassauci sosai kuma ba ta da ƙarfi wajen jure matsin lamba, don haka tana da yuwuwar samar da shinkafa ta karye yayin sarrafawa kuma tana da ƙarancin amfanin gona. Yayin da akasin haka ke faruwa ga shinkafa ta baya. Kuma ga iri ɗaya na shinkafa, ingancin shinkafar da aka girbe a ƙarshe ya fi na wadda aka girbe da wuri. Idan aka dafa ko aka tururu, shinkafar ƙarshe ma ta fi wadda aka girbe da wuri dandano. Ga nau'ikan shinkafa daban-daban, mu ɗauki misali shinkafar japonica ta farko da shinkafar indica ta ƙarshe, na ƙarshe har yanzu ya fi na farko inganci.

2. Tsarin ƙwayar shinkafa

Girmen shinkafa ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, wato glume da caryopsis.

• Glume

Farin shinkafa na aikin kariya ga ƙwayar hatsi. Bayan hatsin shinkafa ya wuce injin tsarkake shinkafa, farin zai zame, kuma farin da ya zame ake kira ƙarar shinkafa. Gabaɗaya, shinkafa mai girma da cika tana da farin siriri kuma mai haske. Shinkafa irin japonica tana da glume mai siriri da haske fiye da shinkafa irin indica, kuma ana iya tsinke ta cikin sauƙi. Ga shinkafa da ba ta kai balaga ba, glume ɗinta yafi sassauci da ƙarfi, don haka yana da wahalar cirewa.

• Caryopsis/shinkafa da aka bare

Bayan an cire glume, caryopsis yana ragewa, wanda ake kira shinkafa ba tare da fata ba. Shinkafa ba tare da fata ba tana da sassa uku: bran, endosperm da germ. A al'ada, yayin nika shinkafa, ana cire bran ɗin ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya. Bran na shinkafa yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 5.2% zuwa 7.5% na dukkan ƙwayar shinkafa dangane da nauyi.

• Endosperm

Endosperm shine babban sashi kuma nauyinsa ya kai kusan 70% na jimillar nauyin dukan hatsi. An nade shi sosai a ciki da fatar hatsi kuma an yi shi ne da ƙwayoyin inji. Idan ƙwayoyin inji sun cika da furotin ba tare da wata gibi ba, to tsarin endosperm zai kasance mai cunkoso kuma mai tauri. Kuma hatsin shinkafa zai kasance mai ɗan haske (semi-transparent) kuma yankan-ƙarshe (cross section) zai kasance mai santsi da lebur. Wannan nau'in endosperm ana kiransa cutin endosperm. A gefe guda, idan akwai tazara tsakanin ƙwayoyin stachi a cikin ƙwayoyin, to tsarin endosperm ba shi da cunkoso kuma hatsin shinkafa ba ya haske (opaque) tare da sassa masu kauri da kama da laka. A irin wannan yanayin ana kiran endosperm farinaceous endosperm.

• Kwayar cuta

Ƙwayar hatsi tana cikin ƙasan ciki na shinkafa bayan an cire fata kuma tana ɗauke da yawan kitse marar gamsuwa. Shinkafa mai ƙwayar hatsi ba ta dace a adana ta na dogon lokaci ba saboda tana da sauƙin yin tsutsa ta lalace. Tunda ƙwayar hatsi ba ta haɗe sosai da endosperm ba, ana iya cire ta cikin sauƙi yayin sarrafawa.